Analysis Of The Songs Of Innocence And Experience By...

London in the late 18th century was full of poverty and corruption, according to poet William Blake. It was a city with no hope for poor people, and the government and church did little to help this. Among the poor were children working in slave-like conditions to feed their families and going to charity schools. Blake puts these children at the center of his piece to show the hypocritical nature of the church and how innocent people are suffering from it. He takes on two angles from the same topic: the event of Holy Thursday. By examining it from the lens of innocence, then experience, he shows the reader how important perspective is and how looking past the shiny exterior can reveal a more sinister scene underneath. In The Songs of†¦show more content†¦The other angle Blake examines Holy Thursday with is experience. This poem is much more straight forward about the horrors of poverty and the church’s relation to it. He believes that children are innocent beings and shouldn’t be just pitied, but helped to escape poverty for more than just a day. He shows this with strong imagery highlighting their difficult life and how unfair it is. Blake describes their life as a miserable place: And their son does never shine, And their fields are bleak and bare, And their ways are filled with thorns: It is eternal winter there. (ll. 9-12) By using this strong imagery he shows how horrendous their living conditions are and how being washed and made to sing in church is a small compensation for their lifetime of poverty. Another technique Blake uses is using rhetorical questions to ask the audience how natural and holy it is to see so many poor children. He leaves the morality up to the reader to ask themselves if this problem needs to be fixed. He only includes the questions in the Experience version because questioning things and looking deeper isn’t a theme in the Innocence poems. Innocence is about being content and embracing naivety. Blake also demonstrates how the children are being objectified in order to pity them and use them as a way to make the church seem charitable towardsShow MoreRelatedSongs Of Innocence And Of Experience By William Blake Analysis868 Words   |  4 PagesSongs of Innocence and of Experience is the foundation of the work of one of the greatest. English poets and artists. The two se ts of poems reveal what William Blake calls â€Å"the two contrary states of the human soul.† In both series, he offers clues to deeper meanings and suggests ways out of the apparent trap of selfhood, so that each reading provides greater insight and understanding, not only to the poems but also to human life. Throughout this poem, the logic of this poem favors experience ratherRead MoreThe Songs Of Innocence And Experience William Blake Analysis1751 Words   |  8 Pagesreligions have different gods, traditions, and ceremonies, but they all have one thing in common; people take different viewpoints of a religion to fit into their mindset. William Blake uses this idea to express how he believes people see Christianity and God. In his series named â€Å"The Songs of Innocence and Experience,† Blake creates the image of opposing views of similar situations. The poems show the views of the innocent and the experienced. The innocent takes on the roles to show how naivetyR ead MoreSongs of Good and Evil1545 Words   |  7 Pagesall describe William Blake’s life (Greenblatt, Abrams, Lynch, Stillinger). Blake was born November 28, 1757 in London, England and his artistic ability became evident in his early years. Blake had a very simple upbringing and had little education. His formal education was in art and at the age of fourteen he entered an apprenticeship with a well-known engraver who taught Blake his skills in engraving. In Blake’s free time, he began reading writing poetry. At the age of twenty-one, Blake completed hisRead MoreWilliam Blake s The Tyger1132 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Blake’s â€Å"The Tyger† and Tragedies William Blake wrote a set of poems in his collection Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience. Some of the poems in each collection were meant to be read together to show the difference between innocence and experience. Many people question why Blake wrote a two part series to his poems and what they could actually mean. Two specific poems, â€Å"The Lamb† and â€Å"The Tyger,† were meant to be read together. â€Å"The Lamb† is a part of Blake’s Songs of Innocence andRead MoreWilliam Blake Songs of Innocence Experience1256 Words   |  6 PagesSweeper† Songs of Innocence amp; Experience analysis with, William Blake In 1794 William Blake’s work was known and published as a collection of poems that were put together as one book called Songs of innocence amp; Songs of Experience. In the collection Blake titles a poem, â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper†, and this one is viewed in two ways: Innocence and experience. In the book of innocence Blake shows how poor innocent children are being abused and mistreated during this time era. In Songs of innocenceRead MoreWilliam Blake in Contrast of Songs of Innocence and of Experience1452 Words   |  6 PagesEN 222-Intro to British Lit. II April 21, 2012 William Blake in contrast of Songs of Innocence and of Experience William Blake, an engraver, exemplified his passion for children through his many poems. Blake lived in London most of his life and many fellow literati viewed him as eccentric. He claimed to have interactions with angels and prophets, which had a great influence on his outlook of life. Blake believed all prominent entities, those being church, state, and government had become sick withRead MoreWilliam Blake s Innocence And Experience Analysis Essay1529 Words   |  7 PagesIsha Fidai Amber Drown English 2323 14 September 2016 William Blake s Innocence and Experience Analysis The Romantic Era was a movement in literature that began in the late seventeenth century throughout the eighteenth century that was mainly influenced by the natural world and idealism. Romanticism was predominantly focused on emotion and freedom emphasizing individualism. Formed as an uprising against neoclassicism, romanticism was more abstract, focusing on feelings and imaginations, insteadRead More An Analysis of Blakes The School Boy Essay1745 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of Blakes The School Boy  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   The School Boy is a typical example of Blakes Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience in its themes and imagery. Like many of the other poems in this work it deals with childhood and the subjugation of its spirit and uses imagery from the natural world. While first published in 1789 as one of the Songs of Innocence there are strong reasons why Blake moved it to the Experience1 section of the 1794 edition. If we compare it to other poems inRead MoreEssay about The Voice of the Chimney Sweepers1180 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Blake (1757-1827) led a relatively happy life. At an early age, he claimed that he could see God, Angels, and other important Italian figures. Blake’s parents encouraged him to keep a record of all the masters he claimed to keep in contact with. Blake’s father, James Blake, gave him casts and engravings to keep this record. At the age of ten, Blake started at a drawing school named Henry Pars’ Drawing School. Three years late r, he was apprenticed to a Master Engraver, James Basire. BlakeRead MoreOpposition in William Blakes The Lamb and the Tyger689 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Opposition in William Blakes The Lamb and The Tyger William Blakes Songs of Innocence and Experience contain some of his most known poems including The Lamb from Songs of Innocence and The Tyger from Songs of Experience. These two poems are intended to reflect contrasting views of religion, innocence, and creation, with The Tyger examining the intrinsic relationship between good and evil. Blake utilizes contrasting images and symbols to examine opposing perspectives of good and evil

The Adventures of Huckelberry Finn The Deliberate Writing...

In Mark Twain’s novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the young protagonist Huckleberry Finn runs away from his abusive father with Jim, a black slave. Throughout the novel, Huck encounters people that fail to understand the injustice of slavery and violence, despite their education. Although Huck lacks any substantial education, his moral values and judgment are highly developed. In the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain uses uneducated, colloquial diction and deliberate syntax to provide ironic contrast between Huck’s rudimentary level of education and profound use of moral judgment. Twain’s use of colloquial, homespun diction to veil Huck’s enlightened views on slavery and racism in the novel, creating an†¦show more content†¦Twain uses colloquial diction to convey Huck’s struggle between the values of his southern upbringing, which urge him to return Jim, and his strong friendship and loyalty with Jim, which encou rage him to protect the runaway. Although Huck lacks education, Huck interprets the laws in ways that are morally sound, an interpretation that most educated people fail to understand, while they blindly accept the injustice of slavery. Throughout the novel, Twain makes use of uneducated diction and syntax to convey an ironic contrast between Huck’s ability to discern between moral and immoral actions and his lack of education. Twain uses deliberate syntactical patterns in order to create an ironic disparity between Huck’s strong moral conscience and his inability to convey his judgments in a grammatically correct way. For example, Huck feels guilty about the plans of his acquaintances to con money from a mourning woman and â€Å"felt so ornery and low down and mean† that he decided to â€Å"hive that money for them or bust† (175). Twain uses the juxtaposition of Huck’s decision that stealing money from the woman was immoral and his plans to steal the money back from the conmen in his syntactical pattern to emphasize Huck’s ironic method of redeeming a crime with an action similar to the crime. Twain contrasts Additionally, when Huck encounters criminals while traveling down the river with Jim, he plans to hide the boat â€Å"in a place

The Effectiveness of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program...

Introduction: Every parent wants the best for their children. They want their children to finish their studies. But unfortunately, there are many poor families cannot provide for the education of their children. Some families can only afford to eat one meal a day and they can’t even send their children to school. Sometimes the parents encourage their children to work and earn for their living, so that they can have something to eat. But we can’t blame them, because sometimes it is better to have something for supper, than to have something to feed your mind. Every youth deserves to have a decent education for them to be the next leaders not only of their generation but of the country as well. We should also take care of their welfare.†¦show more content†¦But because of shortage of budget, the government sometimes fails to help them and there are also many things to consider. Background of the Study: Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program is a program by the Department of Social Welfare and Development that aims to reduce poverty by providing qualified families conditional cash grants. The program is currently covering 255 municipalities and 15 key cities in 45 provinces, serving 700,000 households. There are an inter – agency council for the implementation of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program composed of the Department of Health ( DOH ), Department of Education ( DepEd ), Department of Interior and Local Government ( DILG ), National Anti - Poverty Commission ( NAPC ), and the Landbank. The program was implemented during the term of former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and now, is the continuous program of the present administration. Since the program is slated to run for five years, legislation has been proposed to formally institutionalize the program. The Senate Bill 3412 or Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program Act of 2009, authorized by the Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago. The bill aims to institutionalize the program by formally making it the national conditional fund transfer program. Statement of the Problem: This study aims to answer the following research questions about theShow MoreRelatedpantawid pamilyang pilipino program1609 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program? †¢ Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program is a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program that provides cash grants to poor households with children 0-14 years old and/or pregnant mothers, provided that they comply with the conditions set by the program †¢ Objectives: social assistance- provides conditional cash assistance to the poor to alleviate their immediate needs (short term poverty alleviation); and social development- aims to break the intergenerationalRead MorePANTAWID PAMILYANG PILIPINO PROGRAM (4Ps) Case Study4557 Words   |  19 PagesA CASE STUDY ON THE DELISTED BENEFICIARIES OF PANTAWID PAMILYANG PILIPINO PROGRAM (4Ps) INTRODUCTION A Conditional Cash Transfer Program is a program implemented by the government where money (cash grants) is given to eligible beneficiaries given that these beneficiaries comply with certain conditions such as nutrition, education, family development sessions, and other such services offered by the government. It is a means of helping the beneficiaries through provision of social and medical assistanceRead More4ps-Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program3477 Words   |  14 Pagesgovernment developed the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4P’S) that has now become its flagship social assistance program to help the poor. Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program is a Modified Conditional Cash Transfer for the poor families in the Philippines. According to Lucy Basset in her discussion paper entitled â€Å"Can Conditional Cash Transfer Programs Play a Greater Role in Reducing Child Undernutrition?, October 2008, Conditional Cash Transfer Conditional Cash Transfer programs (CCTs) provid e cashRead More4ps in the Philippines3303 Words   |  14 PagesUNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA College of Arts and Sciences Department of Social Sciences DEVELOPMENT STUDIES PROGRAM THE EFFECTS OF PANTAWID PAMILYANG PILIPINO PROGRAM IN THE LIVES OF BENEFICIARIES IN THE CITY OF MANILA (Thesis Proposal) MARY GRACE FABROS BA Development Studies UP Manila Statement of the problem The Philippines has been battling against poverty for over several years now. The problem with poverty was inherited by every president, the highest ranking official of the republicRead MoreThe Effectiveness of Conditional Cash Transfers: A Case Study of the Philippines Nathalie van1800 Words   |  8 PagesThe Effectiveness of Conditional Cash Transfers: A Case Study of the Philippines Nathalie van Baren Bachelor of science in Economics, KU Leuven, Belgium Introduction The Philippines anno 2014: recovering from their recent typhoons, economic growth of an estimated seven percent and less than one year left to reach the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The wanted progress on the second goal ‘Achieve Universal Primary Education’ is most likely not going to be achieved. How is that possible sinceRead MoreThesis Solo Parenting1856 Words   |  8 PagesWelfare and Development-Central Office (DSWD-CO), in a recent Philstar.com report. RA 8972 is an act that provides special benefits and privileges to solo or single parents and their children, which include livelihood assistance, counseling services, education scholarships or discounts, flexible work schedule, additional work leaves, and health or medical assistance, among others. But not everyone knows that such act even exists, Javier said. Apart from that, some solo parents could not avail of said benefitsRead MoreExpanding Child Participation During Prevention And Elimination Of Child Labor2316 Words   |  10 PagesExpanding Child Participation in Prevention and Elimination of Child labor through Peer Education and Child Labor Monitoring (A Concept Paper) I. RATIONALE: A. BACKGROUND A survey conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO) and international labor Organization (ILO) in 2011 estimated working children, 5 to 17 years old at 5.5 million. 3 million or 54.5 % were engaged in hazardous child labour. Under the law, child labor is defined as any form of work or economic activity performed by

Relationship Between Managers Leadership Styles

There is growing concern about the financial stability of the college, due to the declining number of enrollments into college. In spite of recent training, that was provided to the admissions team, the team continues to struggle with enrollments, and the goals of the organization remain unmet. Over the past year, there has been a steady decrease in the number of enrollments into the college; which has negatively impacted our investors, student body, and employees’ alike. Recently, there have been multiple complaints filed by various employees with allegation of disrespect, unfair treatment, and reports of a hostile work environment, in the admission department.This research serves to examine the relationship between managers’ leadership†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, that the interpersonal style that a leader has is an important factor in what the effectiveness and organizational climate will be. It was determined that the captain was in the wrong and as a result was relieved of Duty, for cruelty and maltreatment of the unit. Toxic leadership has the ability to create great problems for an organization through the lack of concern for the well-being of others. Due to these findings, it is essential for this organization to implements new practices so that we can remain competitive, and grow. Accordingly, the transformational model of Kouzes and Posner (2012) provides leaders with practical guidance on how to lead, as well as practical steps to address challenges leaders are faced with. That being said, it is important for leaders to identify, and focus, on issues that exist in the organization, and align the vision of the organization with employees to easily transition into new practices (Goleman, Boyatzis, and McKee, 2002). According to Treasurer (2009), â€Å"great leaders demonstrate bold reasoned judgment, spirited but calculated risk taking, and a confident but never complacent behavioral disposition.† Leaders that lead b y example, also, have an extraordinary capacity to recognize strengths and weaknesses in their organization, and understand the importance of balancing them both. Recently, while attending a group meeting, some alarming behaviors were observed from team leaders ofShow MoreRelatedLeadership Style And Emotional Intelligence1734 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership Style and Emotional Intelligence Many organizations and groups are established each day, but only a few realize their dreams. Although many factors are responsible for the differences in success and failure of organizations, leadership is a prime factor. Leaders play a significant role in determining the success or failure of an organization. Management studies have attempted to understand leadership including defining the skills that a leader requires to become successful. EmotionalRead MoreLeadership Is Not A One Side Approach1392 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership is not a one side approach. One will be able to guide its team for challenging situations when the different leadership style are known. There are three known leadership styles that can be used to become more effective leader: autocratic leaders, democratic leaders, lalssez-faire leaders. However, one’s personal approach can be a blend to these, depending on one’s preferences, the needs of your people and the present situation. Also when the leadership framework is understood, one canRead MoreThe Importance Of Employee Relationship Management?1356 Words   |  6 Pagesimportance of employee relationship management by reviewing relevant literature and will highlight certain areas such as communications and leadership styles. This will help determine the best strategies to decrease the amount of turnovers in employment as well as retaining workers in a hospitality organisation. Employee relationship management is a term that covers a broad range of topics on the behaviour and interaction in the work place. This can span from relationships with workers to attractRead MoreSituational Leadership Theory1119 Words   |  5 PagesSituational Leadership Theory Since there is no special or one precise type of leader, numerous leadership styles and theories have surfaced. This is because a different situations require different type of leadership styles. In many occasions, leadership theories help to predict the best leadership style to employ in a particular situation. This essay seeks explain why situational leadership theory is useful and relevant in developing an effective leadership culture. It is this writers hope thatRead MoreLeadership Is A Good Leader And A Group1630 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership is a process that occurs between a leader and another individual; between the leader and a group. Or between a leader and an organization, on a community, or a society; and that influences others, often by inspiring enlivening, and engaging others to participate in the achievement of goals. Leadership is a subtle art and skill. It is based on inherent qualities of the individual and developed over time, through life events and experience s that range from significant to life altering. LeadershipRead MoreLeadership Styles Are Interconnected With Culture And Tradition Of An Organization?1066 Words   |  5 Pages2016 Ques-10 Describe how leadership styles are interconnected with culture and tradition of an organization? Answer - leadership can be defined as an art of motivating a group of people to act towards attaining a same goal. In other words, the process of encouraging and promoting others to work enthusiastically in achieving objectives. Leadership is a way for people to participate in making something extraordinary and different. Essence of leadership – ïÆ' ¼ Leadership actually means the power orRead MoreThe Importance Of Leadership As A Team Performance1034 Words   |  5 Pages3. Importance of leadership role in team performance Many people are wondering that if a leader equals to a manager. No, it is different. S. Slater wrote â€Å"A manger gets things done via planning and delegation. Tasks are assigned and results are obtained via others efforts. A leader gets things done by holding a vision, modeling behaviours and inspiring action.† (Author Stream) Although not all leaders are managers, all managers are leaders who always need leadership to manage. As a result, it isRead MoreRelationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Transformational Leadership Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesPherwani (2003), the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and transformational leadership style was examined in order to determine whether EI scores could be used to predict transformational leadership style. In addition, gender differences in the relationship between EI and transformational leadership were examined to determine if there is a significant interaction of gender and emotional intelligence. Thi s research is important, because transformational leadership has been found to beRead MoreLeadership Is Not A One Side Approach1536 Words   |  7 Pages Leadership is not a one side approach. One will be able to guide its team for challenging situations when the different leadership styles are known. There are three known leadership styles that can be used to become a more effective leader: autocratic leaders, democratic leaders, lalssez-faire leaders. However, one’s personal approach can be a blend of these, depending on one’s preferences, the needs of your people and the present situation. Also when the leadership framework is understoodRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography And Outline. Malik, S. (2012). A1273 Words   |  6 PagesMalik, S. (2012). A Study of Relationship between Leader Behaviors and Subordinate Job Expectancies: A Path-Goal Approach. Pakistan Journal of Commerce Social Sciences, 6(2), 357-371. The quality of an organization s products and the performance of the managers are instrumental in the success of the organization. It is worth noting that the manager s leadership style has a fundamental relationship to an organization s success because the decision made by the managers determines the success or

Managing Staff Free Essays

Management for any healthcare facility has many different roles that they must complete. A health care manager must be able to handle running the daily operations, complete any financial duties, and also manage the employees of the facility. When it comes to keeping the facility properly staffed management must be aware of what is needed. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Staff or any similar topic only for you Order Now To be sure that the facility is properly staffed, a health care manager should utilize a staffing plan. A staffing plan can show where employees are needed to work any hours that the facility needs. Annualizing is also important because if a facility is to be run twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week will require many staff members because one employee would not be able to fill all of the positions. In understanding any staffing needs for a facility the manager must take into consideration productive and non-productive time. Productive time means the time spent that is actually worked by an employee. Non-productive time would mean any time the employee is not at work; whether it is the weekend, a holiday, sick time, vacation time, or a personal day. When it comes to using a staffing plan it is important for the manager to have this information in place because it will help to show what actual hours need to be covered and how many employees it will take to cover those hours. There are two ways to do a staffing plan; they are either done in the annualized method or by the scheduled-position method. In the annualized method the manager would take the non-productive and productive days of each staff person and account for them in the formula that is used to fill the hours. In the scheduled-position method the non-productive and productive days are accounted for when filling a scheduled shift. This is why recording non-productive and productive days in a staffing plan are necessary because all of the hours of each staff member are accounted for. When it comes to the cost for any healthcare facility they can be tied to the staffing in a variety of ways. In a staffing plan the costs are attributed to the amount of staff that is needed to cover the hours that are needed to run the facility. It also can be attributed to the pay rates of each individual staff member and also the benefits that each staff member is entitled to. This information can be kept in the books which will help in preparing a budget or a staffing plan. If a health care manager did not have access to this information they would not have the correct information that is needed to properly staff and run the facility on a day-to-day basis. A healthcare facility is run by a staff that must provide care to its patients, provide daily care, and handle administrative duties. Without proper staffing a facility cannot be run properly and the quality of care that the patients receive will suffer which in turn can affect the overall reputation of the facility. To ensure that this does not happen, management must have quality staff members and also to make sure that all of the hours are properly covered. Reference Bureau of Labor Statistics. (January 2012). Occupational Outlook Handbook. Retrieved from http://www. bls. gov/oco/ocos014. htm How to cite Managing Staff, Essay examples

The Metabolism Of Mesalamine - Click For Free Sample

Question: Describe about The Metabolism of Mesalamine And Its Possible Use In Colonic Diverticulitis As An Anti-Inflammatory Agent? Answer: Introduction Mesalazine (Synonyms: Mesalamine, 5-Aminosalicylic acid), being an anti inflammatory drug, is used for the treatment of Crohns disease, Ulcerative Colitis and other Inflammatory Bowel Disease. It is also known to possess anti oxidant activity. The formulation efficacy of Mesalazine has been found to be dependent on pH especially in case of Ulcerative Colitis. If the drug release happens in the colon at a pH greater than or equal to 7, it can be effective in cases of terminal ileum and caecum, extending to the colon. If the drug release happens in the colon at a pH greater than or equal to 6, cases involving ileum can be effectively treated. Therefore, the scope of the present report is to identify the manufacturing and regulatory issues of Mesalazine and a comparative study with Cyclosporin. Manufacturing issues of Mesalazine Inflammatory bowel disease is an inflamed condition of the small intestine including the colon. The existing therapies do not give satisfactory diminution to the patients with inflammatory bowel disease and other related diseases. The dosage form manufacturing needs a changeover to provide maximum therapeutic efficacy with the minimum effective concentration. Novel drug delivery system can be a novel approach to achieve this condition. Mesalazine, being a drug of choice for inflammatory bowel disease, cannot be formulated in alternative release patterns. The conventional dosage forms have not been found to be satisfying in this regard. Anti adhesion molecules has the gut selectivity property. Therefore, it can be an interesting mode of treatment. Adaptive immune response in the gut happens because of the antigen presenting cells which are further professional or non-professional, regulatory T cells, effector cells and mucosal B cells. The most targeted site of the anti adhesion molecule therapies is the integrin family. Monoclonal antibodies are developed for targeting the integrins. Selective blockers may also be used as alternative therapy agents. Since Mesalazine is used as a conventional method of treatment and not presently manufactured as anti adhesion molecules, it cannot achieve the prolonged and desirable results as can be achieved by them (1). The mechanism of action in the intestinal endothelium of the adhesion molecules and the anti adhesion drug blockage Source: (1) However, Since Mesalazine is the drug of choice in the first line of treatment in inflammatory bowel disease, it has been modified and manufactured accordingly to bring about the best possible therapeutic effects. The manufacturers also designed and rectified its formulation issues to achieve better results with Mesalazine. One of the recent development in its manufacturing is the Mesalazine rectal suppository, which provides comfort to use to the patients of inflammatory bowel disease. The achievable drug load is upto 35% to 50%. The melting point can be set in the range 32 to 35.5C. Sufficiently larger surface area of the drug molecules provides better bioavailability for the granules. The weight can also be drastically reduced (2). Graph 1: Dissolution profile of Mesalazine with three different variables. Source: (2) Another interesting approach to overcome the manufacturing limitations and its subsequent therapeutic effects is the formulation of Mezavant XL tablet. It has the ingredients as per the manufacturers formula, which has been listed below. Carmellose Sodium Carnauba Wax Stearic Acid Silicon Dioxide Sodium Starch Glycollate Purified Talc Magnesium Stearate Methacrylic Acid Copolymer Triethyl Citrate Titanium Dioxide (E171) Red Oxide of Iron (C177491) Macrogol 6000 The tablet core consists of the active pharmaceutical ingredient Mesalamine mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid) along with the following ingredients Carmellose Sodium, Carnauba Wax, Stearic Acid, Silicon Dioxide, Sodium Starch Glycollate, Purified Talc and Magnesium Stearate. The film coating material consists of Purified Talc, Methacrylic Acid Methyl Methacrylate Copolymers (1:1) and (1:2), Triethyl Citrate, Titanium Dioxide, Red Ferric Oxide and Macrogol 6000. It is a novel drug delivery system with once a day drug regime. TNO gastrointestinal model can be used to study the release kinetics of the drug. It is a dynamic system that simulates in vitro adult human GIT conditions under fasted and fed conditions. The formulation effectively delays the release from the tablet until it reaches the colon. The release is prolonged in the colon (3). Graph 2: Recovery of Mesalazine in the colon dialysate during gut passage under simulated conditions of fasted and fed. Source: (3) According to WHO, newer formulations are being invented and studied which are found to be bioequivalent to Mesalazine. These are from herbal sources and are found to possess potent activity in inflammatory bowel disease, much similar to Mesalazine. By virtue of their herbal nature, they are reported to find minimum side effects with similar therapeutic efficacy (4). One of the natural alternatives is Slippery Elm. This contains mucilage, which forms a gel when mixed with water. It soothes and coats the intestine and stomach and its antioxidant property helps in relieving the IBD conditions. It also increases the production of mucus in the GI tract, which provides protection against acidity and ulcers. Even medicinal cannabis has been found to be significantly beneficial for the patients suffering from IBD. Regulatory issues of Mesalazine The Mesalazine market in the UK is 56% for Asacol and 25% for Pentasa (5). The regulatory approval of Mesalazine involves the relevance of comparison of the clinical and pharmacokinetic end point studies. In vitro dissolution studies of the new and existing products should be compared to establish the fact that the new Mesalazine product is pharmaceutically equivalent. In vitro dissolution should be carried out on a wide range of pH under simulated GI conditions. Comparative pharmacokinetic studies give the exact differences in the drug release patterns of the new and existing Mesalazine products, which is essential for the regulatory filing of Mesalazine (6). As per MHRA, British National Formulary and the National Prescribing Centre recommend that the prescriptions for all the formulations of Mesalazine should be made based on the severity of the patient (7). Mesalazine is a medication that can be obtained only with a prescription. Therefore, the physician, as per the severity of the patient, will decide the dosage. A dosage of upto 4g may be prescribed in divided doses in case of the treatment of a colitis attack. However, to prevent further attacks a single dose of 2g may be prescribed. Systemic bioequivalence, as a standard regulatory assessment process, is not sufficient for evaluating oral, modified release and topical products. Therefore, the new trend for determining the bioequivalence of oral Mesalazine involves the combination of bioequivalence, adequate comparative trial and dissolution. Assessment of the new products having modified release should be rigorous enough to boost the confidence of the physicians and patients regarding their usage (8). Modified release products provide better bioavailability. More the release duration, more is the duration of action. Therefore, this will consequently reduce the dosing frequency and reduce the costs in the end. Finally, these modified release products will benefit both, the patient and physician, which will be effective in the treatment of intestinal disorders with lesser proportion of medications consumed by the patient. Table 1: Established preparation of Mesalazine (Oral, modified release) in UK market Source: (8) Conclusion The process of drug development involves provision of safe, affordable, timely and effective therapies to the patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The designs of clinical trials should be standardized and improved in case of inflammatory bowel disease for improved patient profile. Therefore, the manufacturing issues of Mesalazine should be well scrutinized for improved therapeutic products and better regulatory issues, providing enhanced market appeal, to survive the ever-growing challenge of novel drug delivery system and market competencies. References Cohen HD, Das KM. The Metabolism Of Mesalamine And Its Possible Use In Colonic Diverticulitis As An Anti-Inflammatory Agent. Journal of clinical gastroenterology. 2014 Aug 1;40:S150-4. Dobis DR, Sawyer RT, Gillespie MM, Newman LS, Maier LA, Day BJ. Sulfasalazine and mesalamine modulate beryllium-specific lymphocyte proliferation and inflammatory cytokine production. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology. 2012 Oct;43(4):458-64. Goyanes A, Buanz AB, Hatton GB, Gaisford S, Basit AW. 3D printing of modified-release aminosalicylate (4-ASA and 5-ASA) tablets. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 2015 Jan 31;89:157-62. Guada M, Sebastin V, Irusta S, Feijo E, del Carmen Dios-Viitez M, Blanco-Prieto MJ. Lipid nanoparticles for cyclosporine A administration: development, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of their immunosuppression activity. International journal of nanomedicine. 2015;10:6541. Gupta SK. Regulatory filing strategy for generic mesalazine modified release formulations. Indian journal of pharmacology. 2015 Apr;43(2):221. Ham M, Moss AC. Mesalamine in the treatment and maintenance of remission of ulcerative colitis. Expert review of clinical pharmacology. 2012 Mar 1;5(2):113-23. Hanauer SB, Sandborn WJ. European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohns disease. Gut. 2014 Feb 1;56(2):161-3. Karn PR, Jin SE, Lee BJ, Sun BK, Kim MS, Sung JH, Hwang SJ. Preparation and evaluation of cyclosporin a-containing proliposomes: a comparison of the supercritical antisolvent process with the conventional film method. International journal of nanomedicine. 2014;9:5079. Lobaton T, Vermeire S, Assche G, Rutgeerts P. Review article: anti adhesion therapies for inflammatory bowel disease. Alimentary pharmacology therapeutics. 2014 Mar 1;39(6):579-94. Miroux C, Morales O, Ghazal K, Othman SB, De Launoit Y, Pancr V, Conti F, Delhem N. In vitro effects of cyclosporine A and tacrolimus on regulatory T-cell proliferation and function. Transplantation. 2012 Jul 27;94(2):123-31. Singer BD, King LS, DAlessio FR. Regulatory T cells as immunotherapy. Front Immunol. 2014 Feb 11;5(46.10):3389. Tenjarla S, Romasanta V, Zeijdner E, Villa R, Moro L. Release of 5-aminosalicylate from an MMX mesalamine tablet during transit through a simulated gastrointestinal tract system. Advances in therapy. 2013 Jul 1;24(4):826-40.

Digestion and Enzymes free essay sample

In the same way amylase Is a specific enzyme used for carbohydrate substrates. In our experiment, our substrate is starch and so our enzyme is amylase. I think that amylase will not work properly when heated at 100C because enzymes need heat for the particles to gain kinetic energy and collide with each other. At100C, enzymes dont move as fast as they can if the temperature is increased, and thus the collision and the reaction dont take place. However, if the temperature is Increased over its optimal temperature then the enzymes become denatured. The breaking of a substrate happens, when a substrate molecule fits inside its specific enzyme olecule, so when an enzyme molecule becomes denatured, the 3D shape of the enzyme molecule changes and so the substrate can no longer inside the active site of the enzyme molecule due to its denatured shape. So I think the amylase might become denatured when heated at 800C and thus It wont be able to work. We will write a custom essay sample on Digestion and Enzymes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This tells me that amylase will work the best at 400C as It might be amylases optimal temperature. Variables: I will change the temperature, at which the solution Is heated. I will measure the time it takes for the colour of starch and iodine mixture to disappear. The Independent ariable In this experiment will be the temperature and the dependent variable time taken between the mixing of amylase and starch solutions and the end of the test. The control variables will be: Volume of amylase solution in each test tube The volume of amylase solution In each test tube needs to be a constant number, because If there Is different amount of amylase In each test tube would make It an unfair test as the test tube with more or less amylase might react different to different temperatures. So a specific amount of amylase should be used in each of the test tubes. H value: Change in pH can have a dramatic effect on the rate of amylase -catalyzed reaction. This effect of pH Is because the structure ofa protein Is maintained by varlous Donas wltnln tne tnree-almenslonal structure 0T tne proteln. A cnange 0T pH from the optimum values changes the bonding patterns, progressively changing the shape of the molecules. If the molecules are denatured, the reaction cannot happen, the result will become unreliable. pH value will be a new independent variable if it is not controlled. Using pH test strips to test the pH value of amylase solution and tarch solution before the experiment can be helpful. Concentration of amylase solution in each test tube Concentration of amylase solution in each test tube should be the same. If the volume of amylase solution is same in each test tube, the lower concentration means that there are less amylase molecules in that tube. If the amylase molecules are not enough to combine with starch molecules, starch cannot be completely broken down, the mixed solution may still appear blue-black color. Therefore, it will affect our result if it is not controlled. Concentration of starch solution in each test tube Concentration of starch solution is the substrate concentration. As the substrate concentration increases, the rate of reaction increases until all active sites engaged in catalysis. To prevent Concentration of starch solution from being a factor of changing the rate of reaction, it must be controlled. Water level in bath Amount of iodine. Equipment: Test Tubes x6 Beaker Pipette cavity Tile Ice cubes Water Bath Goggles Gloves Lab Coat Measuring Cylinder Stop Watch Iodine Amylase solution Starch. Universal Indicator. Bunsen Burner 1. Take 5ml of amylase and add it into a test tube and add 5ml of starch solution into nother test tube. 2. Make sure that the amylase solution and starch solution you used in this experiment must have a neutral pH, you may test the pH values by using pH universal indicator. This can be done when before 3. Take a water bath and add water and wait till the temperature reaches 40 C. . Once the temperature is 40 C, place the two test tubes in a water bath for two minutes. 5. Meanwhile take a cavity tile and add a drop of iodine in each cavity. 6. Pour the amylase solution into the tube of starch solution. Stir well using a pipette. 7. Using the pipette, remove a small mount of the mixture and add a drop to the iodine solution in the cavity tile 8. Repeat the iodine test at intervals of two minute s, washing the pipette with distilled water between each test until the mixture fails to give a blue/black colour with iodine. 9. Record the total time taken between the mixing of amylase and starch solutions and the end of the test. This is the time taken for all the starch to be digested by amylase at 40 C 10. Repeat the whole experiment at other temperatures (10 C and 60 C) For temperatures higher than the room temperature using a water bath and when he required temperature is reached remove the Bunsen burner. Gentle heating at intervals may be necessary to maintain the temperature of the water bath. For the temperatures lower than the room temperature, use ice cubes to bring the temperature down. It is important that for each of these experiments the amylase and the starch solutions are warmed or cooled to the required temperature before mixing them. I will test 10 C, 40 C and 60 C and I will repeat my experiment three times in order to get fair and reliable results. Risk Assessment: Risk Hazard How to prevent it? Starch solution or iodine. May get into your eyes. Wear goggles. Some water bathes are very hot. Can burn your hand or any other parts of your body. Dont directly touch the water inside the water bathes. Using a rack to put test tubes into the water bathes. Water and electricity. If water is spilled on a nearby switch, it can electrocute the person. Keep beakers, test tubes and water bath away from any electrical equipment. Breaking a test tube. Glass pieces can be harmful to people and to you. Keep the equipment in the middle of the desk and not near the edges of the table. Also make sure to stand ana ao tne experiment . unlversal Inalcator. If comes in contact with eye, may cause eye irritation. If comes in contact with skin, may cause skin irritation. If swallowed, can cause blindness and nausea. Wear gloves while holding the universal indicator. Wear goggles to stop the contact with your eyes. Report the teacher immediately if accidently swallowed. Hair. It can get dipped into chemicals and may damage your hair. It makes it difficult to see, making accurate measurements and observations almost impossible. Tie your hair back. Spilling chemical over your body. Can damage your clothes and may possibly come in contact with your skin which can be very harmful and may damage your skin. Wear Lab coat. Not cleaning up the the area once the experiment is finished. Coming in contact with chemicals. It may be harmful for someone who is not aware of the experiment and may unknowingly come in contact with harmful chemicals or may trip over the equipment causing fatal injuries. Clean up the experimental place and wash your hands to avoid others getting any further contact with chemical germs. Crushed ice can damage your hands. Injure your hand. Wear safety gloves.